Feb 04, 2020 The device, which usually retails for $199.99, offers full support for everything from printing and copying to faxing and scanning. You can also count on the device. Oct 18, 2019 Brother iPrint&Scan is a free app that lets you print from and scan to your Android device. Use your local wireless network to connect your Android device to your Brother printer or all-in-one. Some new advanced functions have been added (edit, fax send, fax preview, copy preview, machine status). Jan 29, 2018 If you have a scanner, this app makes it easy to scan documents and pictures and save them where you'd like. Whether you're scanning a photo from the flatbed or scanning multiple pages by using a document feeder, the Scan app is the perfect assistant. C uses a convenient abstraction called streams to perform input and output operations in sequential media such as the screen, the keyboard or a file. A stream is an entity where a program can either insert or extract characters to/from. There is no need to know details about the media associated to the stream or any of its internal specifications.
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When we say Input, it means to feed some data into a program. An input can be given in the form of a file or from the command line. C programming provides a set of built-in functions to read the given input and feed it to the program as per requirement.
When we say Output, it means to display some data on screen, printer, or in any file. C programming provides a set of built-in functions to output the data on the computer screen as well as to save it in text or binary files.
The Standard Files
Format specifiers: A sequence formed by an initial percentage sign (%) indicates a format specifier, which is used to specify the type and format of the data to be retrieved from the stream and stored into the locations pointed by the additional arguments. NFC Print Print by touching the smartphone against the printer; NFC Scan Scan by touching the smartphone against the printer; Network Connection of the Printer Connect the machine and a device; Energy Saving Settings Turn the printer on or off at a specified time; Auto Scan Scan by automatically detecting the item type.
C programming treats all the devices as files. So devices such as the display are addressed in the same way as files and the following three files are automatically opened when a program executes to provide access to the keyboard and screen.
Standard File | File Pointer | Device |
---|---|---|
Standard input | stdin | Keyboard |
Standard output | stdout | Screen |
Standard error | stderr | Your screen |
The file pointers are the means to access the file for reading and writing purpose. This section explains how to read values from the screen and how to print the result on the screen.
The getchar() and putchar() Functions
The int getchar(void) function reads the next available character from the screen and returns it as an integer. This function reads only single character at a time. You can use this method in the loop in case you want to read more than one character from the screen.
The int putchar(int c) function puts the passed character on the screen and returns the same character. This function puts only single character at a time. You can use this method in the loop in case you want to display more than one character on the screen. Check the following example −
When the above code is compiled and executed, it waits for you to input some text. When you enter a text and press enter, then the program proceeds and reads only a single character and displays it as follows −
The gets() and puts() Functions
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The char *gets(char *s) function reads a line from stdin into the buffer pointed to by s until either a terminating newline or EOF (End of File).
The int puts(const char *s) function writes the string 's' and 'a' trailing newline to stdout.
NOTE: Though it has been deprecated to use gets() function, Instead of using gets, you want to use fgets().
When the above code is compiled and executed, it waits for you to input some text. When you enter a text and press enter, then the program proceeds and reads the complete line till end, and displays it as follows −
The scanf() and printf() Functions
The int scanf(const char *format, ..) function reads the input from the standard input stream stdin and scans that input according to the format provided.
The int printf(const char *format, ..) function writes the output to the standard output stream stdout and produces the output according to the format provided.
The format can be a simple constant string, but you can specify %s, %d, %c, %f, etc., to print or read strings, integer, character or float respectively. There are many other formatting options available which can be used based on requirements. Let us now proceed with a simple example to understand the concepts better −
When the above code is compiled and executed, it waits for you to input some text. When you enter a text and press enter, then program proceeds and reads the input and displays it as follows −
Here, it should be noted that scanf() expects input in the same format as you provided %s and %d, which means you have to provide valid inputs like 'string integer'. If you provide 'string string' or 'integer integer', then it will be assumed as wrong input. Secondly, while reading a string, scanf() stops reading as soon as it encounters a space, so 'this is test' are three strings for scanf().
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Description
The C library function int printf(const char *format, ..) sends formatted output to stdout.
Declaration
Following is the declaration for printf() function.
Parameters
- format − This is the string that contains the text to be written to stdout. It can optionally contain embedded format tags that are replaced by the values specified in subsequent additional arguments and formatted as requested. Format tags prototype is %[flags][width][.precision][length]specifier, which is explained below −
Sr.No. | Specifier & Output |
---|---|
1 | c Character |
2 | d or i Signed decimal integer |
3 | e Scientific notation (mantissa/exponent) using e character |
4 | E Scientific notation (mantissa/exponent) using E character |
5 | f Decimal floating point |
6 | g Uses the shorter of %e or %f |
7 | G Uses the shorter of %E or %f |
8 | o Signed octal |
9 | s String of characters |
10 | u Unsigned decimal integer |
11 | x Unsigned hexadecimal integer |
12 | X Unsigned hexadecimal integer (capital letters) |
13 | p Pointer address |
14 | n Nothing printed |
15 | % Character |
Sr.No. | Flags & Description |
---|---|
1 | - Left-justify within the given field width; Right justification is the default (see width sub-specifier). |
2 | + Forces to precede the result with a plus or minus sign (+ or -) even for positive numbers. By default, only negative numbers are preceded with a -ve sign. |
3 | (space) If no sign is going to be written, a blank space is inserted before the value. |
4 | # Used with o, x or X specifiers the value is preceded with 0, 0x or 0X respectively for values different than zero. Used with e, E and f, it forces the written output to contain a decimal point even if no digits would follow. By default, if no digits follow, no decimal point is written. Used with g or G the result is the same as with e or E but trailing zeros are not removed. |
5 | 0 Left-pads the number with zeroes (0) instead of spaces, where padding is specified (see width sub-specifier). |
Sr.No. | Width & Description |
---|---|
1 | (number) Minimum number of characters to be printed. If the value to be printed is shorter than this number, the result is padded with blank spaces. The value is not truncated even if the result is larger. |
2 | * The width is not specified in the format string, but as an additional integer value argument preceding the argument that has to be formatted. |
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Sr.No. | .precision & Description |
---|---|
1 | .number For integer specifiers (d, i, o, u, x, X) − precision specifies the minimum number of digits to be written. If the value to be written is shorter than this number, the result is padded with leading zeros. The value is not truncated even if the result is longer. A precision of 0 means that no character is written for the value 0. For e, E and f specifiers − this is the number of digits to be printed after the decimal point. For g and G specifiers − This is the maximum number of significant digits to be printed. For s − this is the maximum number of characters to be printed. By default all characters are printed until the ending null character is encountered. For c type − it has no effect. When no precision is specified, the default is 1. If the period is specified without an explicit value for precision, 0 is assumed. |
2 | .* The precision is not specified in the format string, but as an additional integer value argument preceding the argument that has to be formatted. |
Sr.No. | Length & Description |
---|---|
1 | h The argument is interpreted as a short int or unsigned short int (only applies to integer specifiers: i, d, o, u, x and X). |
2 | l The argument is interpreted as a long int or unsigned long int for integer specifiers (i, d, o, u, x and X), and as a wide character or wide character string for specifiers c and s. |
3 | L The argument is interpreted as a long double (only applies to floating point specifiers: e, E, f, g and G). |
- additional arguments − Depending on the format string, the function may expect a sequence of additional arguments, each containing one value to be inserted instead of each %-tag specified in the format parameter (if any). There should be the same number of these arguments as the number of %-tags that expect a value.
Return Value
If successful, the total number of characters written is returned. On failure, a negative number is returned.
Example
The following example shows the usage of printf() function.
Let us compile and run the above program to produce the following result −
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